Social Classes of Englatheod

by Swain Wodening

Englatheod tries to reconstruct every part of ancient Anglo-Saxon Heathen society. This includes the social classes. Within the theod, social classes reflect several things, primary amongst these are experience, and dedication to the theod. Rank is based on one's deeds that have been done to build the community, and further the religon of Heathenry. Social classes are referred to as árungas or "honorings."

In ancient pagan Anglo-Saxon England, everyone was upwardly mobile, and downwardly as well.  The earliest Anglo-Saxon laws divided the social classes into two groups, the twelve-hynde and twy-hynde (see Seebohm, pages 406-410). This idea of two major social classes is also seen in the use in poetry of eorlas ond ceorlas (see Whitlock, page 83). As stated, one could be upwardly mobile, if a churl in ancient times were to buy or otherwise obtain five hides of land (roughly between 200 and 480 acres depending on which kingdom one was in), and oath into service to the king, they would be thought to be a part of thegesiðcund, in other words a þegn(see Seebohm pages 365-369). Within Englatheod this is true as well. One can move up the classes through one's dedication, knowledge, and abilities.

At the lowst level, that of entry level into the theod is the wærgenga. Wærgengas have limited rights in the theod, but are otherwise thouht free members. They have no voting rights and are limited in what they can do in some ritual contexts. They are required to learn as much about the theod and its traditions as possible, and are tested on such. One must remain a wærgenga for a minimum of a year and a day before becoming a full member. They must meet personally with the members of the theod or some portion of the membership to be considered for membership in the theod. Englatheod is an in person organization, not an internet one. Englatheod no longer practices thralldom as has been done in the past in Theodish Belief. The reasons for this are several. Some theods have six month thraldoms which defeats the purpose of any provisional membership altogether. Too, the thralldom Theodish Belief has practiced in the past has not been literal. One does not own the property of the thrall nor can they tell them what to do in their personal life. Without literal thralldom, it is impossible for the theod to say it is being authentic in any sense of the word and keep the insitution.Therefore, thralldom and the position of þéow have been eliminated as being unnecessary for the study of Theodism. The lowest level of full membership in the theod is ceorl or churl. Upon becoming a churl, one pledges their service and self to the theod. Churls generally do not oath to a lord. If they do so, they are istead called a genéat. Churls are the backbone of the theod and consists of the majority of the membership. They are responsible for nothing beyond their own sibb, and have little to no duties beyond thatAbove the churl is the gesiþa or þegn. A gesiþa is a member that has went above and beyond the deeds of the average member to further the theod. They are always oathed to an ealdorman or lord. Gesiþas are likely to lead a dryht or guild, or otherwise hold office in a sætan. They are service oriented, seeking to somehow serve the folk.  A gesiþa that leads a sætan is called an ealdorman, as is the highest gesiþa that leads the theod. A special class is that of æþeling. An æþeling is a gesiþa that can document that they are descended from one of the ancient  kingly lines of Anglo-Saxon England. Only an æþeling can lead the theod. The ealdorman of the theod is elected by the folk from amongst the æþelingas. The highest social class is that of cyning or king. However, numbers do not warrant this class/office at this time. It will be many year before Englatheod chooses to practice kingship. Below is a comaprasion of arungs of other Anglo-Saxon Theodish groups;

Miercinga Árungas Neoweanglian Árungas Englatheod Árungas
Þéow/Wærgenga Þéow (Servant) Wærgenga
Genéat/Ceorl Líesing/Genéat/Gebur
/Cotsetla/Ceorl
Genéat/Ceorl
Þegn Gesiþa/Þegn Gesiþa/Þegn
Ealdorman* or Hláford (honorific) Hláford Ealdorman
Æþeling Æþeling Æþeling
Undercyning "under king"  
Cyning "king" Cyning Cyning

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